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有效实施拒不执行法院裁判罪刍议/张永利

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-07-05 01:24:43  浏览:8123   来源:法律资料网
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拒不执行法院判决裁定,不仅再一次损害了申请执行人的合法权益,而且还损害了司法的权威与公信力,不利于社会公平与正义价值体系的建立、完善。但拒执罪在实施过程中存在案件启动难、立案难、取证难、打击难等问题,究其原因,除了法院自身执法不严谨,对拒执罪相关案件存在认识误区,被执行人及案外人刻意规避执行,以及各项社会管理措施不到位之外,还因为我国刑法对拒执罪的规定过于简略,加之刑法理论界对该罪研究较少,司法实践中存在一些模糊认识,因此法院对拒执罪的适用并不多,这也导致拒不执行法院判决、裁定的情形屡屡发生。改革现行法律制度,无疑会有助于拒执罪的有效实施,以便于人民法院的裁判能够执行,实现社会公平与正义。

一、拒执罪的主犯的犯罪主体可扩大到被执行人以外的其他协助义务人

这些协助义务人可单独成为拒执罪的犯罪主体,而不必必须以被执行人构成犯罪、其他人方可成立共犯。在司法实践中,常常遇到这种情况,在被执行人对第三人享有到期债权的情况下,人民法院向该第三人发出履行到期债务通知后,第三人既不提出异议,也不履行,同时有隐藏、转移、无偿或以明显不合理的低价转让、故意毁损财产的行为,致使人民法院无法执行被执行人对其享有的到期债权。又如因借用、租赁等合同关系占有被执行人财产的人,得知人民法院欲强制执行被执行人的财产时,在未与被执行人通谋的情况下隐藏、转移其占有、使用中的被执行人的财产,致使判决、裁定无法执行等等。在此类情况下,能否以本罪对第三人定罪处罚,相关解释没有明确。笔者认为被执行人、担保人以外的第三人也可以成为本罪主体,可以适用本罪对第三人定罪处罚。

二、提高法定刑期,并处罚金刑

我国的刑事立法理论认为刑罚的目的在于教育,强调惩罚与教育相结合的原则,根据刑法第二百七十七条、第三百一十三条的规定,犯妨害公务罪及拒执罪的最高法定刑是三年以下有期徒刑。笔者认为,现行法定刑期处罚偏轻,与严重的拒不执行判决、裁定行为特别是聚众围攻冲击型的暴力抗法事件造成的恶劣影响不相适应,难以达到刑罚对行为人的特殊预防目的,更谈不上达到对社会公众的一般预防目的。基于执行难和暴力抗法事件屡禁不止的现状,应该加重拒执罪的法定刑,以确保刑罚效果的实现。

罚金刑的基本功能在于通过一定数额财产的所有权的剥夺,形成一定的制裁结果,借此强化行为人的规范意识,以期达到抑制、预防犯罪的目的;或者通过财产的剥夺杜绝继续犯罪的可能性。罚金刑并不具备类似自由刑持续作用于犯罪人人格的强制功能,也不直接剥夺犯罪人的行为自由,属于“非设施化”的刑罚方法,一般适用于较轻微的犯罪以及以财产为目的的犯罪。刑法第三百一十三条规定犯本罪的可以处以罚金刑,笔者认为,对于拒不执行判决、裁定这种犯罪行为,特别是拒不执行以给付财产为内容的判决、裁定的,单纯适用罚金刑远不能起到足够的作用,应一律在科以自由刑的同时并处罚金,以充分发挥罚金刑对这类贪利型或财产型犯罪的抑制作用。

三、健全和完善拒不执行判决、裁定罪的诉讼程序

1.人民法院对妨碍执行的违法行为作出的民事制裁卷宗,应当作为拒执罪相关案件的证据使用。人民法院通过对拒不履行裁判及拒不协助执行的行为的民事处罚及复议程序,完全可以查清并确认被处罚人拒不执行判决、裁定行为是否存在的客观事实,并根据确认的事实证据依法作出相应的处罚。人民法院在作出处罚决定前,应当查明被处罚人的违法事实并收集证据,并将上述有关材料形成完整且相对独立的《处罚卷》,在作出处罚决定后,就不能再补充证明被处罚人存在拒不执行判决、裁定行为的证据。当被处罚人的上述行为造成了致使判决、裁定无法执行或其他严重后果,人民法院认为构成犯罪时,将有关法律意见和《处罚卷》向公安机关移送,被处罚人经审定罪判刑的,民事处罚确定的罚款数额从罚金刑中扣减,拘留的日期折抵相应刑期。这样做既能促使人民法院在处罚前重视对被处罚人拒不执行判决、裁定行为的调查取证,向公安机关移送客观合法、充分详尽的证据材料,有利于公安、检察机关尽快完成立案侦查、起诉等工作,也可使案件的执行程序不因追究被处罚人刑事责任而中断,案件的执行工作仍可依法定程序继续进行。

2.拒执罪应以致使判决、裁定不能执行或造成严重后果为条件。民事诉讼法所列举的拒不履行人民法院判决、裁定及拒不协助执行的行为,许多都被刑法第三百一十三条列入本罪的客观要件,这些行为致使判决、裁定无法执行或造成严重后果,都属情节严重。按照民事诉讼法的规定,只要被处罚人具有拒不执行判决、裁定行为,人民法院即可依法处罚,只有当这些行为致使判决、裁定不能执行或造成严重后果时,方可认为构成犯罪,依法追究刑事责任。在司法实践中,如果被处罚人在被人民法院处罚后,由拒不执行转变为积极配合,未造成判决、裁定不能执行等严重后果,从刑罚的教育目的出发,人民法院可以不认为构成本罪。

3.国家公诉为主,兼采被害人自诉原则。本罪侵犯的客体是人民法院的正常审判活动,从这一点上理解,本罪应由人民检察院提起公诉,这符合国家公诉制度逐渐在刑事起诉制度中占主要地位的发展趋势。但在执行难问题仍较突出的情况下,从保护债权人的合法权益出发,允许债权人对拒不执行判决、裁定罪提起刑事自诉,具有一定的必要性和合理性。当公安机关不予立案侦查或者人民检察院决定不起诉的情况下,被害人可以按照诉讼管辖的规定,直接向人民法院起诉。笔者认为,这样既可以保障宪法规定的被害人的控告权,充分调动债权人对债务人监督的积极性,减少对法院的依赖和抱怨,也是对公安机关、人民检察院有罪不究行为的有效制约。


(作者单位:山东省临沂市兰山区人民法院)


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中华人民共和国国境口岸卫生监督办法(附英文)

卫生部、交通部 等


中华人民共和国国境口岸卫生监督办法(附英文)

1982年2月4日,卫生部、交通部、中国民航管理局、铁道部

第一章 总 则
第一条 为了加强国境口岸和国际航行交通工具的卫生监督工作,改善国境口岸和交通工具的卫生面貌,控制和消灭传染源,切断传播途径,防止传染病由国外传入和由国内传出,保障人民身体健康,根据《中华人民共和国国境卫生检疫条例》第三条的规定,制定本办法.
第二条 本办法适用于对外开放的港口、机场、车站、关口(下称国境口岸)和停留在这些处所的国际航行的船舶、飞机和车辆(下称交通工具).

第二章 国境口岸的卫生要求
第三条 国境口岸应当建立卫生清扫制度,消灭蚊蝇孳生场所,设置污物箱,定期进行清理,保持环境整洁.
第四条 国境口岸的生活垃圾应当日产日清,设置的固定垃圾场,应当定期清除;生活污水不得任意排放,应当做到无害化处理,以防止污染环境和水源.
第五条 对国境口岸的建筑物,有关部门应当采取切实可行的措施,控制病媒昆虫、啮齿动物,使其数量降低到不足为害的程度.
第六条 候船室、候机室、候车室、候检室应当做到地面整洁、墙壁无尘土、窗明几净、通风良好,并备有必要的卫生设施.
第七条 国境口岸的餐厅、食堂、厨房、小卖部应当建立和健 全卫生制度,经常保持整洁,做到墙壁、天花板、桌椅清洁无尘土.应当有防蚊、防蝇、防鼠和冷藏设备,做到室内无蚊、无蝇、无鼠、无蟑螂.
第八条 国境口岸的厕所和浴室应当有专人管理,及时打扫, 保持整洁,做到无蝇、无臭味.
第九条 国境口岸的仓库、货场应当保持清洁、整齐;发现鼠类有反常死亡时,应当及时向卫生检疫机关或地方卫生防疫部门报告.
第十条 做好国境口岸水源保护,在水源周围直径三十米内, 不得修建厕所、渗井等污染水源设施.

第三章 交通工具的卫生要求
第十一条 交通工具上必须备有急救药物、急救设备及消毒、 杀虫、灭鼠药物.必要时,船舶上还需安排临时隔离室.
第十二条 交通工具上的病媒昆虫和啮齿动物的防除:
(一)船舶、飞机、列车上,应当备有足够数量有效的防鼠装置;保持无鼠或鼠类数量保持不足为害的程度.
(二)应当保持无蚊、无蝇、无其他有害昆虫,一旦发现应当采取杀灭措施.
第十三条 交通工具上的厕所、浴室必须保持整洁,无臭味.
第十四条 交通工具上的粪便、垃圾、污水处理的卫生要求:
(一)生活垃圾应当集中放在带盖的容器内,禁止向港区、机场、站区随意倾倒,应当由污物专用车(船)集中送往指定地点进行无害化处理.必要时,粪便、污水须经过卫生处理后方能排放;
(二)来自鼠疫疫区交通工具上的固体垃圾必须进行焚化处理,来自霍乱疫区交通工具上的粪便,压舱水、污水,必要时实施消毒.
第十五条 交通工具的货舱、行李车、邮政车和货车的卫生要求:
(一)货舱、行李车、邮政车、货车应当消灭蚊、蝇、鼠、蟑螂等病媒昆虫和有害动物及其孳生条件;在装货前或卸货后应当进行彻底清扫,做到无粪便、垃圾.
(二)凡装载有毒物品和食品的货车,应当分开按指定地点存放,防止污染,货物卸空后应当进行彻底洗刷;
(三)来自疫区的行李、货物,要严格检查,防止带有病媒昆虫和啮齿动物.
第十六条 交通工具上的客舱、宿舱、客车的卫生要求:
(一)客舱、宿舱和客车应当随时擦洗,保持无垃圾尘土,通风良好;
(二)卧具每次使用后必须更换.卧具上不得有虱子、跳蚤、臭虫等病媒昆虫.

第四章 食品、饮用水及从业人员的卫生要求
第十七条 供应国境口岸和交通工具上的食品必须符合《中华人民共和国食品卫生管理条例》(注解:该条例已被一九八二年十一月十九日五届人大常委会通过的《中华人民共和国食品卫生法(试行)》明令废止,现按食品卫生法的有关规定执行.)的规定和食品卫生标准.
第十八条 凡供应国境口岸和交通工具上的饮用水必须符合我国规定的“生活饮用水卫生标准”.供应饮用水的运输工具、储存容器及输水管道等设备都应当经常冲洗干净,保持清洁.
第十九条 供应食品、饮用水的从业人员的卫生要求:
(一)患有肠道传染病的患者或带菌者,以及活动性结核病、化浓性渗出性皮肤病患者,不得从事食品和饮用水供应工作;
(二)从事食品、饮用水供应工作的人员,应当每年进行一次健康检查,新参加工作的人员,应当首先进行健康检查,经检查合格者,发给健康证;
(三)从事食品、饮用水供应工作的人员,要养成良好卫生习惯,工作时要着装整洁,严格遵守卫生操作制度.

第五章 国境口岸和交通工具的负责人的责任
第二十条 国境口岸和交通工具负责人在卫生工作方面的责任是:
(一)应当经常抓好卫生工作,接受卫生监督人员的监督和检查,并为其开展工作提供方便条件;
(二)应当模范地遵守本办法和其它卫生法令、条例和规定.
(三)应当按照卫生监督人员的建议,对国境口岸和交通工具的不卫生状况,及时采取措施,加以改进;
(四)在发现检疫传染病和监测传染病时,应当向国境卫生检疫机关或地方防疫部门报告,并立即采取防疫措施.

第六章 卫生监督机关的职责
第二十一条 国境口岸卫生检疫机关在当地人民政府的领导下,对国境口岸和交通工具进行卫生监督,其主要职责是:
(一)监督和指导国境口岸有关部门和交通工具的负责人对病媒昆虫、啮齿动物进行防除;
(二)对停留在国境口岸出入国境的交通工具上的食品、饮用水实施检验,并对运输、供应、贮存设施等系统进行卫生监督;
(三)对国境口岸和交通工具上的所有非因意外伤害致死的尸体,实施检查、监督和卫生处理;
(四)监督国境口岸有关部门和交通工具的负责人对粪便、垃圾、污水进行清除和无害化处理;
(五)对与检疫传染病,监测传染病有流行病学意义的环境因素实施卫生监督;
(六)监督国境口岸周围内采取防蚊措施的执行.
(七)开展卫生宣传教育,普及卫生知识,提高国境口岸和交通工具上的人员遵守和执行本办法的自觉性.
第二十二条 国境口岸卫生检疫机关设国境口岸卫生监督员一至五名,执行卫生监督任务,由思想品质好,工作认真负责的国境口岸卫生检疫机关领导干部、检疫医师以上的业务人员兼任.国境口岸卫生监督员,经卫生检疫机关推荐,省、自治区、直辖市卫生行政主管部门审核,由中华人民共和国卫生部委任,并发给《国境口岸卫生监督员证件》(式样附后).
第二十三条 国境口岸卫生监督员持其证件,有权对国境口岸和交通工具的负责人,进行卫生监督、检查和技术指导;配合有关部门,对卫生工作情况不良或引起传染病传播的单位或个人,提出改进意见,协同有关部门采取必要措施,进行处理.

第七章 奖励和惩罚
第二十四条 国境口岸卫生检疫机关,对贯彻执行本办法和国家有关卫生法令、条例、规定,做出显著成绩的单位和个人,应当给予表扬和奖励.
第二十五条 国境口岸卫生检疫机关,对违犯本办法和有关卫生法令、条例、规定的单位和个人,应当根据不同情况,给予警告、罚款,直至提请司法机关依法惩处.

第八章 附 则
第二十六条 本办法自发布之日起施行.

附:
国境口岸卫生监督员证件式样
----------------------------------------------------------
中华人民共和国 | 此证根据中华人民共和
国境口岸卫生监督员证 | 国国务院文件
(国徽) | 国发(1981)号
中华人民共和国卫生部制发 | 批示监制
----------------------------------------------------------
85mm 正面(封面) 第二页
----------------------------------------------------------
| 相 | 姓名 性别 (注意事项另订) |
| | 年龄 籍贯 |
| 片 | 工作单位 |
|------| 职别 |
| 编号 字第 号 |
| 发证日期 年 月 日 |
----------------------------------------------------------
内第三页 内第四页
说 明
一、证件长为120mm,宽为85mm,用红色软皮塑料制成,正
面印有国徽图案,字体为金色印体字.
二、内页用卡片纸印成格式套在塑料皮内.
1、内第一页空白插入塑料皮内;
2、内第二页填写发证根据;
3、内第三页填写监督员自然情况;
4、内第四页填写监督员权力和职责;
5、内第五页空白填写[附记]二字;
6、内第六页空白插入塑料皮后面.

MEASURES CONCERNING SUPERVISION OF SANITATION AT BORDER PORTS OFTHE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
MEASURES CONCERNING SUPERVISION OF SANITATION AT BORDER PORTS OF
THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
(Approved by the State Council on December 30, 1981 and promul-
gated by the Ministry of Public Health, Ministry of Communications,
General Administration of Civil Aviation of China and the Ministry of
Railways on February 4, 1982)

Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
These Measures are formulated, as required by Article 3 of the Frontier
Health and Quarantine Regulations of the People's Republic of China [*1],
to strengthen the supervision of sanitation at border ports and aboard
international means of transport, to improve their sanitary conditions and
to block up and extinguish sources of infection, cut off channels of
spreading, prevent infectious diseases from spreading into or out of the
country and protect the health of the people.
Article 2
These measures shall apply to sea ports, airports, railway stations and
passes open to the outside world (hereinafter generally referred to as
"border ports") and to international vessels, aircraft and vehicles
(hereinafter referred to as "means of transport") staying in these places.

Chapter II Sanitation Requirements at Border Ports
Article 3
A cleaning system shall be established in border ports to eliminate the
breeding grounds of flies and mosquitos, install litter bins and their
regular cleaning so as to keep the environment clean and tidy.
Article 4
Domestic refuse in border ports shall be removed every day and fixed
refuse dumps provided for that purpose shall be regularly cleared;
domestic sewage shall not be drained off indiscriminately and shall go
through disinfecting treatment so as to prevent the environment and water
sources from contamination.
Article 5
The departments concerned shall adopt feasible measures to reduce the
numbers of insect vectors and rodents to a harmless level in the buildings
of border ports.
Article 6
All floors of waiting rooms in piers, airports, stations and customs
houses shall be kept neat and clean, their walls dust-free and their
windows and tables bright and clean. They shall be well ventilated and
equipped with necessary sanitation facilities.
Article 7
A perfect sanitation system shall be established in restaurants, cafes,
canteens, dining rooms, kitchens, buffets and small shops in border ports
so as to regularly keep them clean and tidy and make their walls,
ceilings, tables and chairs clean and dustfree. The places shall be
provided with refrigeration equipment and equipment against mosquitos,
flies, mice and cockroaches and no such pests and rodents shall be found
inside these buildings.
Article 8
Attendants shall be put in charge of the toilets and bathrooms in border
ports, cleaning them regularly and keeping them clean and tidy so as to
rid them of flies and nasty odours.
Article 9
The warehouses, godowns and goods yards in border ports shall be kept
clean and tidy. When abnormal death of mice or rats is found, immediate
reports shall be given to health quarantine authorities or local public
health and epidemic prevention departments.
Article 10
The water sources for border ports shall be well protected and toilets,
seepage wells, etc. which will pollute the water sources shall not be
built within a distance of 30 meters in diameter from a water source.

Chapter III Sanitation Requirements for Means of Transport
Article 11
Means of transport shall be equipped with first-aid medicines and
equipment as well as disinfectants, insecticides and rodenticides. If
necessary, provisional quarantine rooms shall be arranged aboard ships.
Article 12
Provisions concerning the prevention and elimination of insect vectors and
rodents from means of transport:
(1) ships, aircraft and trains shall be provided with adequate preventive
measures against rodents so as to eliminate them or to reduce their
numbers to a harmless level;
(2) these means of transport shall be kept free from mosquitos, flies or
other harmful insects, which shall be eliminated upon discovery.
Article 13
The toilets and bathrooms on means of transport shall be kept clean, tidy
and free from unpleasant odours.
Article 14
The sanitation requirements for the disposal of excrement, urine, refuse
and sewage on means of transport are as follows:
(1) daily refuse shall be put in containers with covers, prohibited from
being dumped indiscriminately into port areas, airports or station areas
and must be removed by means of special refuse vehicles (or vessels) to
designated places for treatment. If necessary, excrement, urine and sewage
shall go through sanitary treatment before being disposed of;
(2) the refuse in solid form on board means of transport from epidemic
areas of plague shall be disposed of by incineration, while the excrement,
urine, ballast water and sewage on board means of transport from the
epidemic areas of cholera shall be sterilized if necessary.
Article 15
The sanitation requirements for cargo holds, luggage cars, postal cars and
freight cars of means of transport as well as trucks are as follows:
(1) such insect vectors and harmful animals as mosquitos, flies,
cockroaches and mice and conditions favourable for their breeding shall be
eliminated from cargo holds, luggage cars, postal cars, freight cars and
trucks which shall be thoroughly cleaned before goods are being loaded or
unloaded so as to be free of excrement, urine and refuse;
(2) the freight cars or trucks carrying poisonous substances and food
shall be placed separately in different designated places so as to avoid
contamination and shall be thoroughly cleaned after goods are completely
unloaded;
(3) the luggage and goods from epidemic areas shall be carefully examined
so that no insect vectors and rodents shall subsist therein.
Article 16
The sanitation requirements for passenger cabins, lodging cabins and
passenger cars of means of transport as well as passenger vehicles are as
follows:
(1) passenger cabins, lodging cabins, passenger cars and other passenger
vehicles shall be cleaned whenever necessary, kept free of refuse and dust
and well ventilated;
(2) beddings shall be replaced and washed after use each time and be free
of lice, fleas, bedbugs or other insect vectors.

Chapter IV Sanitation Requirements for Food, Drinking Water and Personnel Engaged in These Trades
Article 17
The food supplied to border ports and on means of transport shall conform
to the provisions in the Regulations of People's Republic of China on Food
Hygienic Control [*2] and food hygienic standards.
Article 18
The drinking water supplied to border ports and on means of transport
shall conform to Hygienic Standards of Drinking Water stipulated by the
state. The vehicles used in transporting drinking water as well as storage
containers and water pipelines shall be cleaned regularly and kept clean.
Article 19
The health requirements for personnel engaged in supplying food and
drinking water as follows:
(1) the patients or carriers of infectious intestinal diseases or
sufferers from active tuberculosis or suppurative exudative dermatosis
shall not be engaged in supplying food and drinking water;
(2) all personnel engaged in the supply of food and drinking water shall
go through a medical check-up every year. Those newly engaged in this work
shall first have a medical check-up and those proved up to the standard
shall be granted health certificates;
(3) the personnel engaged in the supply of food and drinking water shall
cultivate good hygienic habits, dress neatly and cleanly at work and
strictly abide by the hygienic operation system.

Chapter V The Duties of Persons in Charge of Border Ports and Means of Transport
Article 20
The duties of the officers in charge of border ports and means of
transport pertaining to sanitation and hygiene are as follows:
(1) to do a good job in keeping up to the sanitation and hygiene
standards, and be always ready for the supervision and inspection by the
sanitary supervision personnel and provide them with facilities for their
work;
(2) to play an exemplary role in abiding by these Measures and other
sanitation decrees, regulations and provisions;
(3) to promptly adopt remedial measures to change the unsanitary
conditions of border ports and the means of transport in accordance with
the advice of the sanitation supervisors;
(4) to report to the border health quarantine authorities or local
epidemic prevention department and immediately adopt epidemic prevention
measures when a quarantine infectious disease or a monitored one is found.

Chapter VI The Responsibilities of Sanitation Supervision Authori- ties
Article 21
The health quarantine authorities in border ports shall exercise
sanitation supervision over border ports and means of transport under the
leadership of local people's governments. Their major responsibilities
are:
(1) to supervise and direct the officers in charge of the departments
concerned in border ports and on means of transport in the prevention and
elimination of insect vectors and rodents;
(2) to examine the food and drinking water on board means of transport
parked in border ports and ready to cross border in both directions and
exercise sanitation supervision over systems of transport, supply and
storage facilities;
(3) to carry out examination, supervision and hygienic treatment of
persons who have died from causes other than accidents in border ports and
on board means of transport;
(4) to supervise the officers in charge of the departments concerned in
border ports and means of transport in the removal and treatment of
excrement, urine, refuse and sewage;
(5) to exercise sanitation supervision over environmental factors which
are of epidemiological significance to quarantine and monitored infectious
diseases;
(6) to monitor the implementation of the measures to prevent mosquitoes
from breeding in the vicinity of border ports; and
(7) to conduct hygiene publicity and education, spread hygiene knowledge
among people and heighten the consciousness of the personnel in border
ports and on means of transport to abide by and implement these Measures.
Article 22
A border port health quarantine organ shall be provided with 1 to 5 border
port sanitation supervisors to carry out the tasks of sanitation
supervision and such ports shall be concurrently held by the leading
cadres and professional personnel above the rank of quarantine doctor of
the border port health quarantine organ, who are of commendable
personality and great conscientiousness in work. Border port sanitation
supervisors shall be recommended by health quarantine authorities,
screened by the public health administration authorities of the provinces,
municipalities directly under the Central Government and autonomous
regions, and appointed by the Ministry of Public Health of the People's
Republic of China and granted Certificates of Border Port Sanitation
Supervisors.
Article 23
On the strength of their certificates, border port sanitation supervisors
shall have the right to exercise sanitation supervision, inspection and
technical guidance over the officers in charge of border ports and means
of transport; they may in conjunction with departments concerned, put
forward proposals for improvement to the units or individuals concerned
whose sanitation work is dissatisfactory and has resulted in the spread of
infectious disease and take necessary measures to deal with them in
conjunction with the departments concerned.

Chapter VII Rewards and Punishments
Article 24
Border port quarantine authorities shall commend and reward units and
individuals that have made remarkable achievements in the implementation
of these Measures and the state decrees, regulations and provisions
relating to public health.
Article 25
Border port health quarantine authorities shall, on the merit of each
case, warn or fine the units and individuals that have contravened these
Measures and the decrees, regulations and provisions relating to public
health and may submit the cases to the judicial organs for punishment
according to law.

Chapter VIII Supplementary Provision
Article 26
These Measures shall go into effect as of the date of promulgation.
Notes:
[*1] The said Regulations were nullified by Frontier Health and Quarantine
Law of the People's Republic of China adopted by the Standing Committee of
the Sixth National People's Congress on December 2, 1986, the Measures
shall be effective. [*2] The said Regulations were nullified by Food
Hygiene Law of the People's Republic of China (For Trial Implementation)
adopted by the Standing Committee of the Fifth National People's Congress
on November 19, 1982 and the Law shall apply instead - The Editor.


关于加强行业协会规范管理和培育发展工作的通知

国家经贸委


国家经济贸易委员会文件

国经贸委产业[2002]278号


关于加强行业协会规范管理和培育发展工作的通知

各省、自治区、直辖市、计划单列市及新疆生产建设兵团经贸委(经委),有关地方商委(内贸办):

  近年来,各地经贸委、有关地方商委(内贸办,以下统称各地经贸委)依据国家法规和党中央、国务院有关文件精神,认真贯彻落实国家经贸委《印发<关于加快培育和发展工商领域协会的若干意见(试行)>的通知》(国经贸产业[1999]1016号),在履行工作职责、推进工商领域行业协会及商会等社会团体(以下统称行业协会)规范发展方面做了大量工作,取得了一定成绩,但行业协会仍存在着组织结构不合理、自律机制不完善和行为不够规范等问题,阻碍了行业协会的健康发展。按照“调整、规范、培育、提高”的工作方针,为进一步加强行业协会的规范管理和培育发展工作,现就有关事项通知如下:

  一、加强对行业协会规范发展工作的领导。各地经贸委要进一步提高对行业协会工作重要性的认识,把行业协会规范和发展工作列入重要议事日程,加快行业协会结构调整步伐,推动行业协会向自律、自立、自养的方向发展。要充分尊重行业协会的独立社团法人地位,不干涉行业协会合法活动。要加快政府职能转变,推动行业协会逐步履行自律、服务和协调职责。要结合机构改革后的具体情况,明确主管行业协会工作的机构和人员,加强与国家经贸委和各地民政部门的工作联系。

  二、切实加强行业协会党的建设。要认真学习、努力实践江泽民同志“三个代表”的重要思想,认真贯彻《中共中央关于加强党的建设几个重大问题的决定》、《中共中央关于加强和改进思想政治工作的决定》和《中共中央关于加强和改进党的作风的决定》,切实加强行业协会党的组织建设、思想建设和作风建设。充分发挥党的基层组织的战斗堡垒作用和广大党员的先锋模范作用,带领协会广大党员和群众完成各项工作任务。

  三、规范对行业协会的管理工作。要根据《社会团体登记管理条例》(国务院令第250号)和《中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅关于进一步加强民间组织管理工作的通知》(中办发[1999]34号)等有关文件规定,结合本地实际,进一步制定和完善行业协会在业务活动、党务、人事、财务和外事工作等方面的管理办法和规章制度,切实加强对行业协会的规范管理。同时,各地经贸委要进一步转变工作方式,减少和规范行政审批。要加强行业协会的信息网络建设,提高服务水平。

  四、促进行业协会素质的提高。要按照社会主义市场经济发展的要求,进一步加大对行业协会工作人员特别是秘书长的培训,优化行业协会人员素质和内部结构,提高行业协会的凝聚力。要推动行业协会深入企业,紧贴市场,关注本行业国内外发展动态,改进工作方法,做好行业统计、信息咨询、调查研究等基础性工作,及时向政府及有关部门反映行业中带有前瞻性、倾向性、普遍性的问题并提出政策建议,促进服务水平的提高。要加强学习,熟悉世贸组织规则,发挥协会依法保护企业和行业的合法权益的作用。

  五、积极协调解决行业协会存在的实际困难。各地经贸委要开展调查研究,积极为行业协会的发展创造条件,协调有关部门,及时帮助行业协会解决如办公用房、经费以及专职人员社会保险等实际问题。

国家经济贸易委员会

二OO二年四月二十八日



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